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茶入筆記 vol.11 利休物相唐物茄子茶入,靜嘉堂文庫藏 - Tea Caddy Notes, Rikyu Nashu from the Seikado Bunko Collection.

  • Writer: SACA
    SACA
  • Jul 1, 2024
  • 7 min read

Updated: 4 days ago



日本各大博物館所藏的中國陶瓷中有相當一批被標注為“大名物”,事實上“大名物”不像有些人字面理解的一樣“有相當名氣的器物”。


「名物」是用來標示茶道具等器物品級的術語,廣義而言,凡是具有銘文或來歷的茶器均可稱為名物;但在一般語境中,「名物」特指記載於江戶時代所編纂的《玩貨名物記》或《雲州名物帳》等名物記中的茶道具——這些名物記皆為解說有來歷之茶道具的圖錄或目錄。


在室町時代,日本茶人傾向於尊崇來自中國的茶器,這些器物被統稱為「唐物」。當時的茶人開始以器形、釉色、胎土等外觀與工藝特徵建立審美評價體系,逐漸發展出茶器的品第制度,其中「名物」作為一種序列化的評價範疇便在此背景下成形。


所謂「大名物」,則是指由松江藩第七代藩主、著名的大名茶人松平不昧所蒐藏並加以品評的頂級茶道具。在他所編《雲州名物帳》與其所刊行之圖說類書《古今名物類聚》中,「大名物」被用作格付名稱。此類名器多為室町時代足利將軍家之所藏(即「東山御物」),乃茶器中最具由緒與稀有性者,且以中國製「唐物名物」為主。


值得一提的是,於室町時代擔任足利義政茶道導師的村田珠光,被後世尊為「侘茶之祖」。

及至戰國至安土桃山時代,千利休確立了以質樸、節制為美的「侘茶」理念,此一審美變革也對茶器的價值標準帶來轉變。雖有諸說,但一般認為凡是在利休時代即已享有盛名之茶器,亦可被稱為「名物」。



進入江戶前期,小堀遠州(武人、茶人)另創茶風,其所見立的優品則被後世稱為「中興名物」,並記載於遠州自撰的《遠州藏帳》、或坂本周齋所輯《中興名物錄》(亦稱《千家名物記》)等書中。相較於以唐物為主的「名物」、「大名物」,「中興名物」的顯著特色在於其多為日本製「和物」與朝鮮半島製「高麗物」。


關於「大名物」、「名物」、「中興名物」三者的格付標準,歷來說法不一。有的見解認為凡屬利休以前之名器皆稱「大名物」;亦有一說以「名物」為通稱,另將其中特別卓絕之器獨立稱為「大名物」,以示區別。



這件茶入級別甚高,傳承顯赫,經歷千利休,德川家,還有十分重要的奧州獨眼龍伊達政宗的收藏,最後進入了三菱集團的岩崎家,從貴族到財閥,這也是一個充滿歷史故事的茶入。


值得注意的是,普通人家是不能用「傳來」一詞的,只有大名和貴族才可以用這個詞。現階段茶道具的收藏十分火熱,心急的古董商,若未了解茶道的規制的情況下,常常製造出許多笑話:偽造箱子、偽造箱書、偽造標籤⋯ 這一切都真實地反應了當下藏家和經銷商道德和知識的缺失。



This is a highly sought after tea caddy of the Chinese orgin. Packed with an illustrious legacy, having passed through the collections of Sen no Rikyu, the Tokugawa family, and the very important one-eyed dragon Date Masamune of Oshu, and finally into the Iwasaki family of the Mitsubishi Group, from nobility to zaibatsu, making it a tea caddy with a history full of stories.


It is worth noting that commoners are not allowed to use the term "傳來", only daimyo and nobles are allowed to use this term. At this stage, the collection of chamono is very heated. Eager antique dealers, without understanding the rules and regulations of the tea ceremony, often create a lot of jokes: forged inscription, forged boxes, forged labels. All of this is a true reflection of the lack of morals and knowledge of collectors and dealers of our time.



【付属物】 

蓋 四半清作‧利休好、立古作‧肯山公好、印斎作‧遠州好二

仕覆—五、輪違緞子‧絽地柿地唐花縫‧縅間道‧笹蔓手菊唐草紋緞子‧蜀金織留 家鉄刀木、金粉文字‧書付小堀権十郎筆 菱形堆黒盆 

内箱—桐白木、書付同筆 

外箱—黒塗千疋猿金蒔絵、内金梨地、蓋蒔絵、中央短冊形、政宗好


【伝来】千利休 — 徳川家 — 伊達政宗 — 升屋平右衛門 — 岩崎家


【寸法】高5.5 口径:2.5 胴径:6.1 底径:2.9 重さ:65


【所蔵】静嘉堂文庫美術館


重要美術品 宋至元〈大名物 唐物茄子茶入 利休物相〉與南宋〈堆黑螭龍紋稜花盆〉,靜嘉堂文庫美術館藏。


在日本的東山時代,日本貴族圈盛行茶道,以收藏唐物即中國的瓷器為榮,品種以茶碗、香爐、花器為主。大名屬於日本貴族階層的頂層,實力雄厚,所收藏的唐物最為精美。目前所見傳世的、歷史上著名的幾件大名物,窯口主要集中在建窯、吉州窯、茶洋窯、龍泉窯和洪塘窯。



這個茶入是一個 "大名物"茶入,最初為千利休所持。自第三代德川幕府將軍家光將其賜予伊達政宗以來一直為仙台藩主伊達家族所擁有。


這個茶入具有濃郁的中國色彩,增加了一個象牙蓋子、一個中國漆器托盤和來自亞洲的各種染色紡織品。


「利休物相」付屬の「仕覆」:


從左到右依次為:「薄茶羅地唐花文刺繍仕覆」、「蜀金仕覆」、「笹蔓手唐草文子仕覆」、「輪違子仕」

所有這些都是明代(15-16 世紀)的作品,還有 「唐花兎文段纖仕類1インド(16~17世紀)。挽家の仕覆(「蜀江錦」)是用珍貴的中國和印度名畫和刺繡製作的。


南宋〈堆黑螭龍紋稜花盆〉,靜嘉堂文庫美術館藏。



"Meibutsu" (名物) refers to the hierarchical classification of tea utensils within the Japanese tea tradition. In a broad sense, the term encompasses any tea ware that bears a name or has a distinguished provenance. However, in common usage, "Meibutsu" specifically refers to utensils documented in Edo-period catalogues such as the Ganka Meibutsuki and Unshū Meibutsuchō—compendiums that describe celebrated and historically significant tea objects.


During the Muromachi period, there was a strong inclination among tea practitioners to revere imported Chinese tea wares, collectively known as karamono (唐物). Criteria for evaluating tea utensils—including form, glaze, and clay body—were established by tea masters of the time, and a systematic hierarchy of utensils gradually emerged. Within this context, the category of "Meibutsu" came to denote objects of exceptional esteem.

The term "Ōmeibutsu" (大名物)—literally “great Meibutsu”—originates from the classification used by the prominent daimyō-tea master Matsudaira Fumai, seventh lord of the Matsue Domain. This designation appears in his compiled inventories such as the Unshū Meibutsuchō and illustrated works like the Kokin Meibutsu Ruijū. The "Ōmeibutsu" category typically comprises utensils once owned by the Ashikaga shogunal household during the Muromachi period, especially the so-called Higashiyama Gomon collection. These items are among the most revered and rare, and many are of Chinese origin—classified as karamono meibutsu.


Murata Jukō, who served as a tea advisor to Ashikaga Yoshimasa and is venerated as the founder of wabicha, played a formative role in shaping early Japanese tea aesthetics.

With the advent of Sen no Rikyū in the Sengoku to Azuchi-Momoyama period, a significant shift occurred in the valuation of tea utensils. Rikyū established the practice of wabicha, emphasizing austerity and rustic simplicity, which in turn transformed criteria of connoisseurship. Some traditions hold that utensils famed during Rikyū’s lifetime may also be called "Meibutsu."


In the early Edo period, the warrior and tea master Kobori Enshū pioneered a new aesthetic in the tea world. The distinguished pieces he selected were later termed "Chūkō Meibutsu" (中興名物) or “Revival Meibutsu.” These appear in sources such as Enshū’s Enshū Zōchō and the Chūkō Meibutsuroku (also known as the Senke Meibutsuki), edited by Sakamoto Shūsai. Unlike earlier "Meibutsu" or "Ōmeibutsu," which were predominantly Chinese, the "Chūkō Meibutsu" are characterized by a preponderance of Japanese wares (wamono) and Korean wares (Kōraimono).


It should be noted that there is no fixed or universally accepted standard for the categorization of "Ōmeibutsu," "Meibutsu," and "Chūkō Meibutsu." Some scholars classify all utensils predating Sen no Rikyū as "Ōmeibutsu," while others consider "Ōmeibutsu" a select subgroup within the broader "Meibutsu" category, denoting items of the highest prestige.



漢作唐物茶入、大名物、別名「木葉猿」


物相というのは、飯の量を計って盛る器のことで、その形に似ているところから利休が名付けたといわれます。「木葉猿」の名の由来は明らかでありませんが、腰のあたりに猿面に似た釉はげがあるからとの説もありますが、全体に小振りな姿から連想して、数寄者の間で楽しんで呼ばれたものと思われます。伝来は利休所持ののち徳川幕府の有となり、さらに家光のとき伊達政宗に贈るのですが、佐久間将監の取次を好まず、将軍から直々の拝領を果たしたと伝えられています。


口造りは捻り返しが浅く、甑低く肩が少し衝き、腰はさらに張り、裾がせばまっています。柿釉は薄く黄色を帯びて、二重がかりのなだれ釉が腰の下で止まとしきって、うずくまった猿の形にも似ています。形は茄子に近いが肩が張り、腰も角張って張り出しています。


本茶入は、千利休(1522~91)所持によって名があり、のち徳川第三代将軍、家光から伊達政宗に下賜されて以降、仙台藩主・伊達家に長く伝来した“大名物(おおめいぶつ)”の茶入です。牙蓋(げぶた)や中国漆器の盆、それにアジア圏の多様な染織品が加えられ、その次第(付属品)は実に国際色豊かです。何百年も前の染織品がいまだ“現役”で用いられているというのも、日本の書画の表具や茶道具ならではのことで、驚かれる事実です。


「利休物相」付属の「仕覆」:

左から「薄茶羅地唐花文刺繍仕覆」、「蜀金仕覆」、「笹蔓手唐草文子仕覆」、「輪違子仕」

いずれも明時代(15〜16世紀)と「唐花兎文段纖仕類1インド(16〜17世紀)。


挽家の仕覆(「蜀江錦」)の前には、貴重な中国やインド製の名物裂、刺繡からなる、丸くかわいらしい仕覆が5つ。 “緒つがり”と呼ばれる紐の部分も、それぞれ異なる配色で仕立られた、仙台藩主‧伊達家の見事な“仕覆コレクション”です。


『東山御物内別帳』『玩貨名物記』 『松屋筆記』『今井宗久日記』などに記載されています。



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