青銅筆記 vol.41 弗利爾博物館：西周筒型提梁卣，對比靈台潶伯提梁卣 - Freer Gallery of Art, Ritual Bronze Vessel of You, Western Zhou Dynasty

這件提梁卣造型直筒型，是西周時期北方風格的提梁卣。1967發現，1972年10月出土於甘肅省靈台縣白草坡遺址的M1號墓出土了同款造型的「潶伯提梁卣」，潶伯應該是被周王派遣去宗周北方鎮守的軍事貴族，特別是靈台以北的鬼方、玁狁等勢力。「玁狁」（音：險允，xiǎn yǔn，又作「獫狁」）是活躍於中國古代北方、與中原王朝（特別是西周）有著密切關聯的游牧部落。

靈台出土的提梁卣銘文「潶伯作寶尊彝」，而弗利爾這件是商代氣息濃厚的亞族銘文「亞其yi（上匕下矢）作寶尊彝」。亞族應該是和商王有關的武職，而這件器物的銘文應該也存在於商代，紋飾、器型則是西周。西周克商後，其實是學習、繼承了一整套西周的文化，包括：營造、鑄造、禮儀、祭祀等等，另外也安頓了各種殷代遺民。不知道亞族是否被發放到靈台這一帶，有待繼續研究。

The Peng Bo swinging-handle you features a distinctive cylindrical body, representing a northern-style you vessel popular during the Western Zhou period. The example excavated at Lingtai belonged to Peng Bo, who was likely dispatched by the Zhou king to the northern frontier near the former Shang capital region (Zongzhou) to defend against external threats, particularly the Guifang and other hostile groups to the north of Lingtai. The inscription on the Lingtai you reads “Peng Bo zuo bao zun yi” (潶伯作寶尊彝).

In contrast, the Freer Gallery yu (F1909.258a-b) carries a strongly Shang-dynasty flavor in its inscription, which may be read as “Ya Qi (or Ya Yi, with the graph composed of “匕” above “矢”) zuo bao zun yi” (亞其［上匕下矢］作寶尊彝). The “Ya” (亞) lineage/clan was closely associated with the Shang royal house and often held military positions.

After the Zhou conquest of Shang, the new dynasty actively absorbed and inherited the full suite of Shang cultural achievements — including city planning, bronze casting techniques, ritual systems, and sacrificial practices. The Zhou also strategically resettled various Shang remnant groups. Whether members of the Ya clan were among those relocated or enfeoffed in the Lingtai region remains an intriguing question worthy of further research.

館藏編號

F1909.258a-b（美國史密森尼學會國家亞洲藝術博物館弗利爾美術館）

年代

西周

通高 × 寬 × 深：29.1 × 20.3 × 14 cm

器物描述

帶蓋禮器「卣」，附木座。器表呈赤銅色銅鏽（cuprite patination），器內及蓋內有銘文。

銘文

「亞其（yi）母辛彝」或

來源 / 流傳序

• 至1909年：北京琉璃廠（Riu Cheng Chai）

• 1909–1919年：查爾斯·蘭·弗利爾（Charles Lang Freer, 1854–1919）購自北京琉璃廠

• 1920年起：弗利爾美術館，弗利爾先生捐贈（捐贈契約1906年簽署，1920年畫廊建成後入藏）

潶伯銅提梁卣

潶伯銅提梁卣是甘肅省博物館收藏的西周早期青銅禮器，出土於甘肅省靈台縣白草坡遺址M1墓。器高29厘米，口徑12厘米，呈罕見的圓筒形，帶蓋，配有可擺動的拱形提梁。提梁兩端飾羊首，器身、蓋面及提梁均飾平行帶狀夔龍紋，紋飾簡練而富有動感。蓋內與器底鑄有相同銘文「潶伯作寶尊彝」，明確為潶伯所製祭祀用寶器。

出土時，卣內尚存3000多年前的淡綠色古酒（後因保護條件限制被倒掉）。器身完好無損，表面銅鏽斑斕，多處呈現優質古銅特有的銀灰色光澤。卣為商周貴族祭祀或宴飲時盛放香酒的專用器具。此器筒形造型在西周早期較為少見，學者認為可能受到北方遊牧民族樺樹皮筒容器影響，靈台地處中原與北方牧獵文化交匯地帶，「潶伯」應為當時鎮守當地的軍事貴族，達溪河古稱潶水即為其氏族淵源。

潶伯提梁壺

1967至1972年，在甘肅靈台縣西屯鄉白草坡，甘肅省博物館文物隊、平涼展覽館、靈台縣文化館聯合發掘了9座西周時期的墓葬（M1-M9）和一座車馬坑。墓葬雖大部分遭早期盜掘和自然破壞，但還是發掘文物1800多件，主要有青銅器、陶瓷器與玉石骨蚌三大類。其中青銅器較多，種類較為豐富，一級文物便多達二十餘件。這些墓葬中M1與M2所出器物最為繁多，其中青銅鼎、簋、卣中有不少帶有銘文，據專家考訂其墓主人分別為潶伯與阝爰伯，時代為西周中葉。殷末周初，靈台一帶分布著諸多異族、方國，僅涇水流域就有共、元、彭、盧、密須、虞、芮等國，其中一些是“戎狄之國”，一些是殷的聯盟勢力。《史記•周本紀》記載，文王三年“伐密須”，佔據了涇水中游，為西周遷都和東進建立了穩固的基礎。

在潶伯與阝爰伯時代，正是西周與在涇水、洛水上游居住著的強悍民族鬼方、獫狁大規模作戰之時，墓葬中出土了大量的兵器,也可想見靈台在當時的重要地位。潶地與地當是涇水諸國通向宗周的咽喉，北方民族出入之要衝。他們在康王時期分封到這裡，是為了加強對殷商遺民及異族方國的鎮撫，他們擁握重兵特權，參與重大戰役，得到周王的優厚待遇，墓葬中出土的大量珍貴隨葬品就不足為怪了。

與弗利爾美術館盉（F1909.258a-b）的比較

弗利爾盉與潶伯提梁卣同屬商末周初高級青銅禮器，在器型、紋飾與功用上具有明顯相似性。弗利爾盉呈卵圓形，表面赤銅鏽帶孔雀石痕，高低浮雕結合，蓋內與器底同銘（涉及「亞」氏為「母辛」作器），同樣用於祖先祭祀酒禮。潶伯卣的筒形腹與羊首提梁更具北方地域特色，而弗利爾盉則體現中原傳統的圓融造型。兩者均反映了周初青銅鑄造技術的成熟、夔龍紋飾的延續，以及貴族階層對祖先崇拜的共同禮制追求。潶伯卣突出中原與遊牧文化的交融，弗利爾盉則代表更廣泛的商周禮器傳統，二者共同為研究西周早期禮樂制度與青銅藝術的地域變異提供了珍貴對比實物。

Hei Bo Swinging-Handle You (潶伯銅提梁卣)

This exceptional Western Zhou dynasty bronze ritual vessel, now housed in the Gansu Provincial Museum, was excavated from Tomb M1 at the Baicaopo site in Lingtai County, Gansu Province. Dating to the early Western Zhou period, the you stands 29 cm tall with a mouth diameter of 12 cm. It features a distinctive cylindrical (tongxing) body — relatively rare compared to the more common oval or flattened you forms of the period — complete with a lid and a swinging arched handle. The handle terminates in sheep-head (yangshou) decorations at both ends, while the body, lid, and handle are adorned with parallel bands of stylized kuilong (夔龍) dragon motifs. The interior of the lid and the bottom of the vessel bear the identical inscription: “Hei Bo zuo bao zun yi” (潶伯作寶尊彝), meaning “Peng Bo made this treasured ritual vessel.”

When unearthed, the vessel still contained a pale greenish liquid (ancient wine), which was unfortunately discarded due to limited conservation knowledge at the time. The surface displays a rich, mottled patina with flashes of the silvery-gray luster characteristic of high-quality ancient bronze. As a wine container used for ancestral offerings and elite banquets, this you exemplifies the fusion of Central Plains (中原) bronze traditions with northern pastoral influences. The cylindrical shape may imitate birch-bark containers used by nomadic groups, while the kuilong patterns remain firmly rooted in Shang-Zhou ritual aesthetics. Lingtai, located along the ancient “Peng River” (潶水), was a strategic frontier zone, and “Peng Bo” likely refers to a military aristocrat stationed there to guard Zhou interests.

Comparison with the Freer Gallery Yu (F1909.258a-b)

Both vessels represent high-status ritual bronzes from the critical late Shang to early Western Zhou transition (ca. late 11th–early 10th century BCE) and share functional and stylistic affinities. The Freer yu (a water or wine mixing vessel) features a similar ovoid-to-rounded body, high- and low-relief decoration, cuprite patination with malachite traces, and inscriptions inside the vessel and cover dedicated to ancestral rites (mentioning “Ya” lineage and “Mother Xin”). While the Peng Bo you has a more pronounced cylindrical form and swinging handle with sheep-head terminals, both exemplify the continuity of elite bronze-casting techniques, kuilong-style ornamentation, and ancestral veneration practices. The Lingtai you highlights northern cultural interactions, whereas the Freer yu (acquired via Beijing) reflects broader Shang-Zhou metropolitan traditions. Together, they illuminate the standardization and regional variation of Zhou ritual paraphernalia.

Object Title / Name

Ceremonial vessel (yu 盉), with cover. Wood stand.

Accession Number

F1909.258a-b (Freer Gallery of Art, National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution)

Period / Date

ca. late 11th–early 10th century BCE (late Shang dynasty)

Origin

China

Material

Bronze

Dimensions

H x W x D (overall): 29.1 × 20.3 × 14 cm (11 7/16 × 8 × 5 1/2 in)

Description

Ceremonial vessel, “yu,” with a cover. Wood stand.

Surface: cuprite patination with traces of malachite.

Decoration: in high and low relief. Inscriptions inside the vessel and on the cover.

Inscriptions

(A.G.W., 1944) The inscriptions are the same in both the cover and the bottom and read:

“ya ch’i ? tso mu hsin i” 或 “Ch’i ? of Ya has made for Mother Hsin a [sacral] vessel.”

The questioned character has been read as “i” by Takata Tadahiro (see Kochuhen, ch. 55, p. 14a). However, other scholars tend to leave it unread (see Curatorial Remarks no. 4).

Alternative/earlier translation:

“Bronze jar, called ‘Yi,’ with some inscriptions on the cover and the bottom of the jar. The inscriptions read: ‘Ya-Tso-mo-Sui-Yi.’ ‘Mo-Sui-Yi’ is the name of this jar. The first word means that the jar is offered to the temple. The second and third words mean that so and so made it.”

Provenance

• To 1909: Riu Cheng Chai, Beijing

• 1909–1919: Charles Lang Freer (1854–1919), purchased from Riu Cheng Chai, Beijing, in 1909

• From 1920: Freer Gallery of Art, gift of Charles Lang Freer (original deed signed 1906; collection received 1920)

Collection

Freer Gallery of Art Collection

Credit Line

Gift of Charles Lang Freer