青銅筆記 vol.38 舊金山亞洲藝術博物館：西周青銅扁足方鼎，爯方鼎（豐伯鼎） - Asian Art Museum, Ritual Bronze ‘Ran’ or ‘Fengbo’ Fang Ding, Western Zhou Dynasty

此西周早期方鼎（約前1042–1021年），即著名的周公東征方鼎（又稱爯鼎、豐伯鼎），1927年出土於陝西寶雞戴家灣。其內鑄35字銘文，記載周公東征討伐東夷、豐伯、薄姑，凱旋後在周廟祭祀並賞賜功臣之事。現藏美國舊金山亞洲藝術博物館艾弗里·布倫戴奇收藏，是研究西周初年軍事、政治、禮制與青銅器的重要實物珍品。對於銘文中器主“爯”的身份、豐伯與薄姑的具體地望、銘文中的“周廟”所在地、以及“秦酓”的具體含義等問題，尚無確鑿定論，存在多種解讀。

This Western Zhou square fangding (ritual food vessel), dated ca. 1042–1021 BCE, is a rare early Zhou bronze known as the Duke of Zhou’s Eastern Campaign Fangding (周公東征方鼎, also called Ran or Feng Bo Fang Ding). Excavated in 1927 from Dai Jia Wan, Baoji, Shaanxi, its 35-character inscription records the Duke of Zhou’s successful military campaign against the Eastern Yi, Feng Bo, and Bo Gu, followed by temple sacrifices and rewards. Now in the Avery Brundage Collection at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, it stands as a key historical document illuminating early Zhou consolidation, ritual practices, and bronze-casting traditions.

原銘文釋讀：

隹（唯）周公于征伐東夷，豐伯、薄姑，咸□［戡/殺］。公歸［于/饗］于周廟。戊辰，飲秦飲。公賞［爯/某］貝百朋，用作尊鼎。

詳細譯文：

唯周公往征伐東夷、豐伯、薄姑，皆已完全擊敗［或翦滅］。周公凱旋，歸來在周廟舉行［祭祀/饗禮/告成］之儀。戊辰之日，飲用秦酒［或完成/至飲之酒］以慶祝。周公賞賜［爯/受賞者］貝百朋，用以鑄造這件尊貴的祭鼎。

此銘為西周早期重要史料，直接記載周公旦（或其代表）東征平叛的史實，是研究周初分封、軍事與禮制的重要實物證據。

「東夷、豐伯、薄姑」：東夷泛指東方異族；豐伯、薄姑為具體方國，薄姑故地在今山東濱州一帶。

「咸□」：表示全勝。

「飲秦飲」：或釋為飲至之禮（軍事凱旋後的慶功宴飲），或指特定地域之酒，反映周初祭祀與賞功制度。有說法認為是飲用秦地產的美酒（“秦酓”）慶祝。

此方鼎（又名璺鼎、豐白鼎）現藏舊金山亞洲藝術博物館（Avery Brundage Collection, B60B2+），是研究西周青銅器銘文、歷史地理與禮器功能之珍貴例證。

出土與來源

1927年（或1926年前後）出土於陝西寶雞戴家灣（今寶雞市金台區陳倉鄉），出自第15號墓。該墓有墓道與壁畫，在西周墓葬中較為罕見。盜掘行動由軍閥党玉琨（党毓坤）組織，動用民工千餘人，歷時半年，規模空前，對遺址造成嚴重破壞。早期著錄（如吳其昌《金文歷朔疏證》）曾誤記為「鳳翔秦文公墓出土」。

出土後不久即流出國門，進入美國收藏家艾弗里·布倫戴奇（Avery Brundage）的收藏。布倫戴奇是20世紀中期著名的亞洲藝術收藏家，其藏品後來捐贈予舊金山亞洲藝術博物館，成為該館核心藏品之一。此器編號B60B2+，標註「The Avery Brundage Collection」。

1940年代，著名古文字學家與考古學家陳夢家先生在美國親見此器，根據銘文內容正式命名為「周公東征方鼎」，並在《西周銅器斷代》等著作中記錄其出土背景。此命名被學界廣泛採用。2007年，陝西省考古研究院王學理先生從美國帶回器物照片與銘文拓本，推動了國內學者對此器的重新研究熱潮。

現藏美國舊金山亞洲藝術博物館（Gallery 14，常設展出）。學界對其年代、器主「爯」（或冉季載相關）的身份、豐伯與薄姑的地望、「秦飲」的確切含義，以及「周廟」所在地等仍有討論空間。它是西周青銅器斷代、歷史地理與禮制研究的重要參考物。

Original Inscription (Transcribed):

隹（唯）周公于征伐東尸（夷），豐白（伯）、尃（薄）古（姑），咸𢦏。公歸［于/饗？］于周廟。戊辰，酓（飲）秦酓（飲）。公賞［爯/冉？］貝百朋，用乍（作）尊鼎。

Detailed Translation:

It was when the Duke of Zhou went on a military campaign to the east, attacking the Eastern Yi (Dong Yi), the Earl of Feng (Feng Bo), and the [state/ruler of] Bo Gu (薄姑, also transcribed as Fu Gu or Pu Gu). They were completely defeated/exterminated. The Duke returned and performed the [X / thanksgiving or sacrificial] rite in the Zhou ancestral temple. On the wuchen day (戊辰), they drank the Qin wine [or “arrival wine” / celebratory wine of completion]. The Duke awarded [Ran / the recipient, possibly named 爯 or similar] one hundred strings of cowries (bei peng), which were used to cast this precious sacrificial ding vessel.

Scholarly Notes on Key Terms and Uncertainties:

• 隹周公于征伐：Standard opening formula “It was when...” (wei 隹/唯 as temporal marker). “于征伐” emphasizes the Duke of Zhou personally leading or directing the eastern campaign.

• 東夷 (Dong Yi): Refers to eastern “barbarian” or non-Zhou groups/tribes in the Huai River and Shandong regions during the early Zhou consolidation.

• 豐白 (Feng Bo) and 尃古/薄姑 (Bo Gu): Specific polities or their rulers. Bo Gu is often identified with the area around modern Shandong (near present-day Zibo/Binzhou). These were key targets in the Zhou eastern campaigns to suppress rebellions post-Shang conquest.

• 咸𢦏：Xian 咸 (“all/completely”) + a graph often interpreted as “defeated,” “slaughtered,” or “wiped out” (possibly related to 戡 or 殺). Indicates total military success.

• 公歸［？］于周廟：The Duke’s return to the Zhou temple (ancestral temple at the capital, likely near modern Xi’an/Feng-Hao). The missing graph likely indicates a sacrificial or thanksgiving offering (xiang 饗, ji 祭, or similar).

• 戊辰，酓秦酓：Wuchen day (a specific sexagenary cycle date). “Qin yin” is debated: possibly “Qin wine” (from the Qin region), “arrival/completion wine” (zhen yin 臻飲, a victory feast or “drinking to arrival”), or part of a yin zhi 飲至 ceremony (ceremonial drinking upon successful return from campaign). This fits the “feast of merit” or victory celebration.

• 公賞［？］貝百朋：Cowries (bei) were a standard early Zhou currency/reward; 100 peng (strings) was a substantial gift. The recipient’s name (often read as 爯 Ran or similar, possibly 冉季載 or related to the commissioner) is partially unclear in rubbings.

• 用乍尊鼎：Standard dedication formula: “to make this honored ding vessel” for ancestral sacrifice.

This inscription is a rare primary source documenting the Duke of Zhou’s eastern campaign (Zhou Gong dong zheng), a pivotal event in early Western Zhou history for consolidating control after the Shang fall and the Rebellion of the Three Guards. It dates to approximately 1042–1021 BCE (early Western Zhou, during or shortly after the Duke’s regency).

Provenance and Collection History (傳承與收藏史)

Shortly after its discovery, the vessel entered the international art market and was acquired for the Avery Brundage Collection. Avery Brundage (1887–1975), a prominent American industrialist, sports administrator (former IOC President), and passionate collector of Asian art, amassed one of the largest private collections of Chinese bronzes and other Asian artifacts in the mid-20th century. The piece bears the object number B60B2+ and carries the credit line “The Avery Brundage Collection.”

In the 1940s, the renowned Chinese scholar Chen Mengjia (陳夢家) examined the vessel while in the United States. He recognized the historical importance of the inscription and named it the “Zhou Gong dong zheng fangding” (Duke of Zhou’s Eastern Campaign Square Ding), a designation that has been widely adopted by scholars ever since. Chen also documented its connection to the Dang Yukun looting in his Dating of Western Zhou Bronzes (Xi Zhou tongqi duandai).

The vessel is now part of the permanent collection of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (in Gallery 14) and has been on view there for decades. In 2007, photos and rubbings were brought back to China by scholar Wang Xueli of the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Institute, sparking renewed domestic research interest.

Scholarly Importance and Debates

Scholars continue to study the precise dating (likely during King Cheng’s reign or the Duke of Zhou’s regency), the identity of the rewarded individual, the exact locations of Feng Bo and Bo Gu, the meaning of “Qin yin,” and the location of the Zhou temple mentioned. It remains a key object for understanding early Western Zhou political consolidation, ritual economy, and bronze inscription conventions.