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三彩筆記 vol.76 維多利亞與阿爾伯特博物館:魯山窯淨瓶,喬治·尤摩弗帕勒斯收藏 - V&A Museum, Lushan Kundika Vase, Eumorfopoulos Collection, Tang Dynasty

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Tall ceramic bottle with a narrow neck and small side spout, blue-beige glaze on a white background.

此為佛教儀式用灑水器(軍持/淨瓶,Kundika),形制仿銅器,高肩卵圓腹,細長頸上有穹頂蓋與細尖管,側有杯口流與小孔。這件器物來自東方陶瓷學會創會主席喬治·尤摩弗帕勒斯(George Eumorfopoulos)的舊藏。魯山目前還屬於嚴重低估的窯口,附近的郟縣窯(黃道窯)也是唐代花瓷的核心,兩者都位於河南省平頂山市境內,是唐代北方燒製「花瓷」(又稱唐代花釉瓷、唐鈞)的兩大核心窯口。魯山窯的作品給人一種大氣、渾厚、凝重的感覺;而郟縣窯(黃道窯)則在精細度上更勝一籌,呈現出輕巧、清秀、靈動的藝術風格。由於郟縣窯的傳世完整器物數量比魯山窯更為稀少,因此在當今的古董收藏市場中顯得極為珍稀。(SACA觀察,2026.11.8)



魯山窯淨瓶

時代:唐代

產地:河南

材質與工藝:石胎(buff stoneware),厚灰釉呈紫褐條紋斑塊;條紋釉下方為斑駁褐釉;底無釉。

尺寸:高 28.6 厘米

編號:C.874-1936

來源:由藝術基金(Art Fund)、瓦倫廷遺贈、珀西瓦爾·大維德爵士及大學中國委員會資助購藏。

展出:現展於 V&A 南肯辛頓陶瓷館 145 室。


軍持形制隨佛教由印度傳入中國,用於儀式灑水。其灑斑釉色與唐至宋河南北方黑釉「花瓷」系統密切相關。


官方頁面:


魯山窯歷史背景(History of the Lushan Kiln / 魯山窯)

魯山窯(主要指段店窯)位於今河南省平頂山市魯山縣梁窪鎮段店村,北距寶豐清涼寺汝窯址約15公里。窯址面積約77萬平方米,文化層厚2–5米,始燒於唐代,歷經宋、金,延續至元代,是北方燒造歷史最長的重要窯場之一。


唐代以魯山花瓷(又稱唐鈞/黑釉藍斑/月白斑)聞名。黑褐釉為地,灑以乳白、月白、藍色斑塊,打破「南青北白」的單色格局,開創高溫窯變釉先河,被視為鈞瓷之祖。唐南卓《羯鼓錄》記載唐玄宗與宋璟論鼓:「不是青州石末,即是魯山花瓷。」故宮博物院所藏清宮舊藏花瓷腰鼓(長58.9厘米)即為此窯代表作,1970年代窯址調查發現殘片完全印證。花瓷器物主要出土於洛陽及周邊,西安大明宮亦有發現,具有貢瓷性質。


宋代以後品種更豐富(白釉、青釉、黑釉、三彩、鈞釉等),對汝窯、鈞窯影響深遠,當地有「鈞之源、汝之母」之稱。2006年段店窯址列為第六批全國重點文物保護單位;2021年「魯山窯燒製技藝(魯山花瓷燒製技藝)」列入第五批國家級非物質文化遺產。


目前收藏狀況:完整器與殘片見於北京故宮博物院、大英博物館、河南博物院、平頂山博物館、美國國家亞洲藝術博物館(Freer)、皇家安大略博物館等。現代傳承人(如袁留福等)成功恢復傳統技藝,當代作品已被中國國家博物館等機構收藏,窯火重燃,形成產業與研究體系。


參考:


同款/近似拍賣與博物館藏品列表

以下為形制、釉色或窯口相近的實例(以花瓷灑斑、軍持/淨瓶、河南黑釉系統為主)。


  1. 故宮博物院 — 唐魯山窯花瓷腰鼓

    清宮舊藏,黑釉藍白斑,長58.9 cm。

    https://www.dpm.org.cn/collection/ceramic/226730.html

  2. 美國國家亞洲藝術博物館(Freer Gallery)— Lushan ware jar with two lugs

    唐,河南,褐釉木灰灑斑,高25.8 cm,編號 F1981.3。

    https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1981.3/

  3. 皇家安大略博物館(ROM, Toronto)— Jiaxian Huangdao ware or Lushan Duandian ware jar,可能為郟縣窯(黃道窯)

    唐8–9世紀,河南,編號930.65.1。

    https://collections.rom.on.ca/en/objects/338242/jiaxian-huangdao-ware-or-lushan-duandian-ware-jar

  4. 大英博物館 — 相關黃道/魯山系統器

    例如Huangdao ware dish(編號1967,1212.2),唐,石胎黑釉灑斑。

    相關克拉克收藏葫蘆瓶(1973,0723.1)亦常被歸入魯山/黃道系統。

    大英館藏搜尋頁可查:https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection


說明:嚴格意義上的「同款」魯山花瓷軍持較少見於公開完整器(軍持以青瓷、白瓷較多),但此V&A器的灑斑褐釉與魯山/黃道花瓷系統技術一脈相承,屬同一北方河南黑釉窯變傳統。魯山窯產品以腰鼓、罐、執壺、盤碗為主,完整器以故宮腰鼓最為著名。


This Buddhist ritual sprinkler (Kundika / pure bottle) replicates the form of archaic bronzes, featuring a high-shouldered ovoid body, a slender neck topped with a domed cover and a sharp pointed nozzle, alongside a cup-mouthed spout with a small aperture on the side. This exquisite piece originates from the distinguished collection of George Eumorfopoulos, the founding President of the Oriental Ceramic Society (OCS).


Currently, the Lushan kiln remains a severely undervalued kiln site. Along with the neighboring Jiaxian kiln (Huangdao kiln), both located in Pingdingshan, Henan Province, they represent the two primary hubs for producing Tang dynasty "suffused glaze" wares (also known as Tang mottled wares or Tang Jun). Wares from the Lushan kiln generally exude a sense of grandeur, robustness, and solemnity. In contrast, the Jiaxian (Huangdao) kiln excels in refinement, showcasing a lighter, more elegant, and dynamic artistic style. As extant intact vessels from the Jiaxian kiln are significantly scarcer than those from Lushan, they are exceptionally rare and highly coveted in today's antiquities market. (SACA Insights, November 8, 2026)


Date: Tang Dynasty

Place of Origin: Henan province

Materials & Technique: Buff stoneware with thick grey glaze breaking into patches and streaks of purple and brown; mottled brown glaze below the streaky glaze; base unglazed. Glazed stoneware.

Dimensions: Height 28.6 cm

Museum Number: C.874-1936

Provenance: Purchased with Art Fund support, the Vallentin Bequest, Sir Percival David and the Universities China Committee.

Display: On view at V&A South Kensington, Ceramics, Room 145.


This is a Sprinkler Bottle (Kundika) — a Buddhist ritual water sprinkler of bronze form. It has a high-shouldered ovoid body, tall slender neck with a domed cap and slender tapering tube above it, and a spout with a cup-shaped mouth and eyelet.


The form derives from the Indian Buddhist kundika (ritual water sprinkler), introduced to China with Buddhism. The streaky splash glaze (bluish-grey over brown/grey) belongs to the northern Chinese black-glazed “flower porcelain” (huaci / 花瓷) tradition of Henan kilns in the Tang–Song period. The V&A record notes a Tang style attribution in one field, but the primary dating is Northern Song. Bibliographic references include John Ayers, Far Eastern Ceramics in the Victoria and Albert Museum (1980), Monochrome Plate No. 69.


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