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茶碗筆記 vol.20 德川美術館:柿之蔕茶碗 銘「京極」 - Tokugawa Museum, ‘Kyogoku’ Kakinoheta Tea Bowl

  • Writer: SACA
    SACA
  • Apr 27
  • 4 min read

Rustic pottery bowl with a textured, earthy surface against a plain beige background. The bowl has a subtle patina, suggesting antiquity.

柿之蔕(かきのへた)是高麗茶碗的一種。其特徵為高台周圍較胴部淺削一層,碗身倒置時形似柿蒂,因而得名。此類茶碗多使用帶青色調且含砂粒較多的胎土,並以較淺的見込為特色。本碗在柿の蔕茶碗中尤為知名,被視為名器。釉藥呈現柿渋般的褐色中帶有青色,釉藥未完全覆蓋之處形成的「火間」(ひま)景色極具觀賞價值。本器於平成十一年(1999)由高松家寄贈德川美術館。


柿の蔕茶碗介紹

柿の蔕茶碗是朝鮮王朝(16世紀)傳入日本的高麗茶碗中極具特色的一類。其名稱源自倒置時碗底與高台的形狀宛如柿子蒂,造型古樸而富於自然之趣。此類茶碗在日本茶道史上備受珍重,存世數量極為稀少,屬於高麗茶碗中的珍罕之器。


值得一提的是,「柿之蔕」之名也與日本茶道的起源密切相關。京都高山寺所藏的南宋時代「柿之蔕茶入」(又稱漢柿蔕茶入),據傳是茶祖榮西禪師自中國帶回茶種子,並盛裝於此茶入中贈予明惠上人。明惠上人將茶種播種於高山寺附近,開創了日本最早的茶園(栂尾茶),此茶入因此被視為日本茶史上的重要聖物。柿の蔕茶碗因造型與此著名茶入相似,而共享同一雅稱,增添了深厚的歷史文化意涵。


柿蔕茶入 南宋時代 口径6.2cm 高4.5cm 底径2.8cm

日本傳世柿の蔕茶碗


柿の蔕茶碗是高麗茶碗(朝鮮王朝16世紀)中極具侘び(wabi)風情的一類,存世數量稀少,在日本茶道界被視為珍罕名器。其中最負盛名、被茶界稱為「天下三碗」的三件代表作分別為:


  • 「京極」(本器)——德川美術館(名古屋)藏

  • 「毘沙門堂」(重要文化財)——畠山記念館藏(原藏京都山科毘沙門堂)

  • 「大津」——藤田美術館藏


這三件被公認為柿の蔕茶碗的最高峰,常被茶人並列比較。其餘較知名的還有「龍田」(曾為津田宗及所藏)、「青柿」(五島美術館藏)等,但「京極」「毘沙門堂」「大津」三器無論在造型、釉色、歷史地位與茶人評價上,皆被視為典範。


本器「京極」的傳承(伝来)本碗為朝鮮王朝16世紀作品,胎土含砂粒多、帶青色調,見込較淺,釉呈柿渋色中帶青,釉藥薄處露出「火間」景色,極具自然之趣。 其明確傳承如下:


  • 京極家傳來(最早可考的收藏家族)

  • 後為近代著名數寄者平瀬露香佐野彌高亭舊藏

  • 平成11年(1999)由高松家寄贈德川美術館


本器曾收錄於《大正名器鑑》,是近代茶道界公認的高麗茶碗優品。


為何銘為「京極」?


「京極」並非作者或產地之名,而是直接源自京極家傳來。在日本茶道具的傳統中,名器常以曾經收藏的家族或茶室名稱為銘。本碗因長期為京極家(日本戰國至江戶時代的名門武家/公家系統)所珍藏,故由後世茶人或箱書撰寫者(例如佐久間將監等)題以「京極」二字作為銘。此做法與「毘沙門堂」(因原藏山科毘沙門堂)、「大津」(因曾在大津地方)的命名方式完全一致,皆屬於「傳來銘」。


Kakinoheta (persimmon calyx) is a type of Goryeo (Korean) tea bowl. Its distinctive feature is that the area around the footring is carved slightly shallower than the body, so that when inverted, the silhouette resembles the calyx of a persimmon—hence the name. These bowls typically use a sandy, iron-rich clay with a bluish tone and have a relatively shallow well (mikomi). This particular example is well-known among Kakinoheta bowls and is regarded as a famous vessel. The glaze exhibits a persimmon-tannin-like brownish hue with bluish undertones, and the partially exposed “hima” (fire intervals or unglazed areas) created by uneven glazing form a striking visual highlight. The bowl was donated to the Tokugawa Art Museum by the Takamatsu family in 1999 (Heisei 11).


Introduction to Kakinoheta Tea Bowls

Kakinoheta chawan are a distinctive category of Korean tea bowls from the Joseon dynasty (16th century) that were highly prized after their transmission to Japan. The name “Kakinoheta” (persimmon calyx) derives from the bowl’s inverted profile, in which the foot and lower body evoke the stem and calyx of a persimmon fruit. These bowls are characterized by their rustic form, sandy iron-rich clay with a subtle bluish cast, and shallow interior well.


Kakinoheta bowls are exceptionally rare today, with only a very limited number of fine examples surviving, making them among the most sought-after and prestigious of all Goryeo-style tea wares in Japanese tea ceremony circles.


The name “Kakinoheta” also carries deep historical resonance with the origins of Japanese tea culture. The famous “Kakinoheta chaire” (persimmon calyx tea caddy) preserved at Kōzan-ji (Kōsanj i) in Kyoto is a Southern Song dynasty ceramic container. According to tradition, the Zen master Eisai (Yōsai), revered as the father of Japanese tea, brought tea seeds from China in this small caddy and presented them to the monk Myōe Shōnin (Myōe Jōnin). Myōe planted the seeds near Kōzan-ji in Togano-o, establishing Japan’s oldest tea garden. This historic tea caddy, often called the “Aya no Kakibeta” or “Chinese persimmon calyx tea jar,” is thus regarded as a sacred object in the history of Japanese tea. The Kakinoheta tea bowls share the same evocative name due to their similar silhouette, linking them poetically to this foundational moment in the introduction and cultivation of tea in Japan.



柿の蔕は高麗茶碗の1種で、高台周りが胴に比べ1段浅く削られており、伏せた姿が柿の蔕を想起させることが名の由来となっています。青みを帯びて砂気の多い土が用いられ、見込みが浅いことなどが柿の蔕の特徴です。 本碗は、その中でも名碗として知られています。釉薬が柿渋色の中に青色を呈し、釉がかけ残された火間と呼ばれる景色が見どころです。平成11年(1999)高松家寄贈。


概要

作品名

柿の蔕茶碗 銘 京極

作品名ふりがな

かきのへたちゃわん めい きょうごく

作者名


文化財指定


作品分類

陶磁

朝鮮王朝

時代

朝鮮王朝

世紀

16世紀

数量

1口

材質·技法


サイズ

高6.7cm 口径14.1cm 高台径5.2cm


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